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"There are no moral phenomena at all, but only a moral interpretation of phenomena."

 

"In a man devoted to knowledge, pity seems almost ridiculos, like delicate hands on a cyclops."

Friedrich Nietzsche

 

Filosofi er all verdens tanker om alt mulig i akademisk kamuflasje. To av de viktigste og mest omdiskuterte temaene er erkjennelses- og moralfilosofi: hva er meningen med livet, og hvorfor handler vi som vi gjør?

På denne siden er det lagt inn litt av hvert om verden rundt oss og selvfølgelig en del tøv. Noe er originalt i den forstand at det er rablet ned nylig, mens mye er sakset fra ulike internettsider (there is something out there). Copyright gjelder heldigvis ikke i cyberspace, he, he.

 

Life motto: Nihil novi sub sole, panta rei.

"Og la oss drekka ned i solnedgangen, yeah".

 

George W. Bush in the middle..., no!, I mean to the right!

From Washington D.C. with love (Smithsonian Museum)

 

And then; this one from Dostoyevsky:

"If God didn't exist, everything would be possible"

"If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him". Did you really mean that, Voltaire? See the next section.

 

Voltaire's "If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him". Nietzsche and Nihilism

The text below is from this e-page: (www.cwu.edu/~millerj/writings/nihilism), no need to rewrite something already well written.

Perhaps the most common misconception about Nietzsche, held widely in both popular and academic works, is that Nietzsche was a nihilist. Nihilism is undoubtedly one of the central themes of his works, but it is not his statement but his question mark! Like Kierkegaard before him and Camus after him, Nietzsche was concerned with the effects of nihilism and looked for ways around its monstrous conclusions. Nietzsche does not, however, succumb to the temptations of the Void but attempts to reconstruct human endeavor in the face of it. We can see Nietzsche attitude towards nihilism most clearly in The Gay Science, where he announces for the first time that "God is dead!" This announcement amounts to Nietzsche's recognition that nihilism is upon, for without God, humans are deprived of the supports of absolute values and eternal truths. All views that pronounce such values and truths (or even their possibility) rely on the existence of God ("how much must collapse now that this faith has been undermined because it was built upon this faith, propped up by it, grown into it; for example, the whole of our European morality" [GS, #343]).

Much of Nietzsche project was dedicated to shedding light on the consequences of this death - a death, it must be remembered, that Nietzsche does not accomplish but merely has the audacity and simplicity (note: remember that it is a madman who makes this announcement - but is he mad because crazy or mad because "simple") to announce. One must think of Nietzsche as the madman who, in The Gay Science, first cried out, "Whither is God? I will tell you. We have killed him - you and I." [#125] But, it must be remembered, the madman goes on to smash the lamp that he brings to shed light on this revelation and say in disgust, "I have come too early, my time is not yet. This tremendous even is still on its way, still wandering; it has not yet reached the ears of men. Lightning and thunder require time; the light of the stars requires time; deeds, though done, still require time to be seen and heard. This deed is still more distant from them than the most distant starts - and yet they have done it themselves." [GS #125].

Nietzsche is the messenger of God's death, and as a philosopher, he is the apostle of its consequences, dedicating the effort of writing Beyond Good and Evil (particularly Part One: The Prejudices of Philosophers) to speeding the realization of these consequences to the eyes and ears of God's murderers - modern man. The death of God is what poses the nihilist question for modern man. As a number of Dostoyevski's characters ponder, "if God is dead, then everything is permitted" (or a different formulation: "if God is dead, then nothing is forbidden"). This is the nihilist Void, and far from drawing back from it, Nietzsche reaches out to drag us to its edge and make us take a long look into its blackness. What does the Void devour? Everything - especially those dearly held doctrines devised by the touchingly naive Enlightenment thinkers who first struck a blow at God. It is not too much to say that nothing is sacred to Nietzsche (without God, sanctity is impossible) and he takes to murdering the presumptive heirs to God's empire with a deftness reminiscent of Hume's attack on empiricism. Nietzsche exposes the illusions and "errors" that underlie the belief systems that dared to fill the hole left by God's disappearance.

Nietzsche's primary contribution to the critique of Enlightenment values (democracy, liberalism, secular humanism) - besides, of course, initiating the critique in a revolutionary rather than simply reformist mode - is to expose the "perspective" from which Enlightenment valuations are made. ("For one may doubt, first, whether there are any opposites at all, and secondly whether these popular valuations and opposite values on which the metaphysicians put their seal, are not perhaps merely foreground estimates, only provisional perspectives perhaps even from some nook, perhaps from below, frog perspective as it were, to borrow an expression painters use. [BGE #2].) Nietzsche gives these doctrines far too much credit to simply refute them - what, after all, is the point of such an exercise? Rather, he analyses them and indicates the kind of point of view they express and presuppose. This is one of the main themes of On the Genealogy of Morals. In that work, Nietzsche does not attempt to refute either Christian or Secular Humanist morality; instead, he points out what type of constitution produces this moral system. He also indicates that other moral systems exist that express the perspective of other kinds of humans, and while he seemingly attacks what he labels the "slave morality" and exalts the "master morality," he is simply showing that for some types, the master morality is more appropriate than the slave morality. The crime of the Christians and the Philosophes and the Kantians and the Democrats and the Socialists (and whatever other proponents of various versions of the slave morality) is that they claim universality for their moral system when in fact it is appropriate for only some kinds of humans. Nietzsche recognizes that the slave morality makes sense and is beneficial to certain types. ("That lambs dislike great birds of prey does not seem strange: only it gives no ground for reproaching these birds of prey for bearing off little lambs. And if the lambs say among themselves: 'these birds of prey are evil; and whoever is least like a bird of prey, but rather its opposite, a lamb - would he not be good?' there is no reason to find fault with this institution of an ideal" [GM # 13].) The slave morality is the one that is appropriate for, that makes sense to, individuals that Nietzsche characterizes as "weak." Our assumption that "weak" is a negative rather than merely descriptive term germinates the reading of On the Genealogy of Morals that has Nietzsche claiming correctness for one moral system (master morality) and incorrectness for another (slave morality).

But Nietzsche knows that God is dead and that therefore one cannot make these kinds of absolute claims. Nietzsche's analysis of the different moral systems is his first move in avoiding the nihilist conclusions that there is no truth. He asserts not that there is no truth but that there is an appropriate truth for each type and that every view has its proper adherents. The problem with Enlightenment values is not the truths they announce, but the presumption of absoluteness, universality, and eternity. The "frog" perspective is no less valid to the frog (or the lamb morality to the lamb) than the eagle's perspective is to the eagle; the problem is when the frog or the lamb claims that its perspective is the only, the true, the objective one. Such a claim is absurd without God, yet God has been killed by precisely those that wish to maintain the universalist doctrines of the frog/lamb. To see that Nietzsche is not a nihilist, then, one must simply recognize that nihilism would deny the frog even the frog's perspective, whereas Nietzsche recognizes that that perspective is appropriate to the frog - but not to everyone! Nietzsche's perspectivism is a reaction to the death of God that avoids the nihilist conclusion that there is nothing but the Void.

 

Hva var det med Nietzsche (1844-1889 Homo genius var. sane, 1889-1900 Homo genius var. insane)?

Med så mye tøys som det er i denne verden, er det OK å lese en fyr som vet å kutte vekk daukjøttet. Som viste å se bort fra metafysikk og annet tøv i sine vurderinger av menneskets egentlige natur. Med "gud er død" som utgangspunkt, startet Nietzsche sin dissekering av mennesket.

Det er vel få filsofer som har vært like misforstått som Nietzsche, noe mange beskylder hans søster Elisabeth og hennes ektemann Bernhard Förster for, som etter at tenkeren ble sprø i 1889 forsøkte å koble rasistiske holdninger (hovedsakelig anti-semitiske) til Nietzsche´s arbeider. Selv om Nietzsche kom med en del anti-jødiske uttalelser, var de gjerne knyttet til datidens samtidsforhold i Tyskland, og ikke knyttet til jødeheten som sådan. Men hans søster tok ofte sitatene ut fra sin kontekst. Hun styrte Nietzsche´s legacy i flere tiår etter at han selv koblet av i 1889, og Nietzsche´s verker kom i vanry først på 1900-tallet. Og det hjalp selvsagt ikke at Hitler knyttet Nietzsche´s tanker til sin politikk, og han ble derfor av mange i den perioden betraktet som "the prophet of the Third Reich". Men i dag er det få filosofer som leses og studeres like mye som Nietzsche. I dag betraktes Nietzsche som den mest betydningsfulle filosof av den moderne æra. Til venstre følger et lite stykke om Nietzsche.

The good guys

Hører Kvanmo inn her? Vel, prøv selv å komme på en norsk oppegående politiker som det ikke kan knyttes alt for mye negativt til.....

 

The bad guys

Ingen tvil om denne gjengen, nei (fundamentalists & maniacs)!

PS, en av dem har parykk, gjett hvem?

 

Har hørt fra deadhard folks fra statsministerens kontor at Kjell Magne Bondevik har gått rundt med "hairpiece" eller parykk i mange år (nå også med lykkepiller, selvfølgelig)........

La oss håpe at det er riktig, he , he...

 

 

 

Noen moralbetraktninger

Her skal jeg komme inn på en kort vurdering av moral, min egen lille moralfilosofi. Men det er kanskje heller en vurdering av hvilke kriterier moral bør vurderes ut fra i framtiden. De fleste er vel enige om at mange moralbetraktninger endrer seg med tiden. Med samfunnsutviklingen endrer moralen seg. Det som for hundre år siden ble betraktet som uhørt, kan i dag passere uten at noen hever et øyenbryn. Selv om det er få som karakteriserer seg som nihilister i dag (populær bevegelse i midten av 1900-tallet tallet med eksistensialister som filosofene Martin Heidegger og Jean-Paul Sartre og forfatteren Albert Camus, for å nevne noen), representerer nihilismen en interessant retning som sier at generelt sagt er livet meningsløst.

En ekte nihilist tror ikke på noe, har ingen lojaliteter, og har ingen hensikter, andre enn, kanskje, viljen til å ødelegge (det bor åpenbart en liten nihilist i oss alle!). Uansett, når det gjelder moral, sier nihilismen at det ikke finnes noen moralske fenomener, bare subjektive tolkninger basert på f.eks. ulike religiøse trosretninger. Nå er dette en lite appellerende tanke, at ingenting her på jorden betyr noe for oss mennesker, en tanke alle metafysikere (ie. religiøse) sikkert steiler noe for jævlig over. Men jeg er delvis enig med Nietzsche, og mange trekk i nihilismen er fornuftige.

Men jeg tar den ikke like langt ut som Nietzsche, og som David Hume før han ("David Hume trod the same path, and in his efforts to deny God did away even with the connection between cause and effect"), som hevdet at også science må fornektes. For Nietzsche og Hume var dette en logisk konklusjon på forkastningen av all religiøs moral. Tvert i mot, moralen kan faktisk bygge på vitenskapen. Ut fra dette springer en ny moral fram, som en etterfølger etter religiøs moral (tese) og dens antitese (Nietzsche´s moral, eller mer korrekt, forkastningen av all moral), en moral bygget på naturen og det vitenskapen forteller oss. Så følger litt Hegelsk dialektikk. Nå kan jo Hegelsk dialektikk brukes som verktøy i nærmest alle sammenhenger. Men det er en fin måte å illustrere utvikling på.

Religiøs moral er allment akseptert i samfunnet i dag, men den begrenser videre utvikling og evolusjon. Derfor må en se bort fra denne moralen, ved å hevde at den ikke eksisterer (all moral er basert på fortolkning, derfor er den ikke allmenn). Dette kan kalles Nietzsche´s moral eller ekte nihilisme, som egentlig ikke er noen moral som helst, men heller en antimoral (antitese). Den nye moralen, som kan kalles natur moral, tar så over. Etter at det har skjedd et paradigmeskifte, for å bruke et populært Kuhnsk uttrykk (som egentlig bare er tull). Og i denne moralen er det naturen i seg selv som danner grunnlaget for våre handlinger. Det er vårt ansvar å ta vare på naturmiljøet på jorden, og dette er en verdi i seg selv, som må ligge til grunn for all moral. Hvis en art står i fare for å bli utryddet, må vi gjøre alt i vår makt for å forhindre dette, når årsaken til at arten står i fare for å forsvinne skyldes menneskets handlinger. For å si det litt brutalt, hvis noen titusen mennesker her og der dør, har det null betydning i historisk og evolusjonær sammenheng. Som den pestarten vi er, er alle reduksjoner i menneskepopulasjonen ønskelige. All moral må derfor ha som basis å ta vare på jordens naturarv. Nå kan det hevdes at arter dør ut naturlig, en art slik den defineres i dag eksisterer i gjennomsnitt ca. 3 millioner år. Men menneskehetens enorme påvirkning på nesten alle økosystemer er så betydelig at en må se bort fra naturlig utryddelse de neste hundreårene. Det finnes enkelte økosystemer som må kunne sies å være lite påvirket av mennesker, kanskje mest åpenbart hydrotermale vents i dyphavene, hvor primærprodusentene ikke er fotosynteserende men bygger på reduskjon av svovel av "svovel" bakterier. Men hvis menneskeskapte klimaendringer virkelig skjer, kan økte temperaturer påvirke også slike økosystemer med tiden. Når moralen bygger på naturen i alle sammenhenger, blir verden et bedre sted å leve. Konflikter som skyldes kultur og religionsforskjeller blir fraværende. Folk flest vil i dag hevde at en slik moral er utopi, og bare representerer "rør" fra en biolog ("One must shed the bad taste of wanting to agree with many"). Men du skal ikke se bort fra at mange trekk i en slik naturmoral vil manifesteres om 500-1000 år, når menneskeheten når astronomiske tall, og vi kravler rundt over alt på jorden, og konflikter og kriger handler om naturressurser som tilgangen på rent vann heller enn religion.

Det opplyste mennesket må kvitte seg med moral bygget på metafysikk, og heller relatere moral til naturen rundt seg. Fra utnytting og utplyndring til konservering. The circle is fulfilled. Mange "naturreligioner" som tidligere var vanlige, bygde faktisk i stor utstrekning på respekten for naturen.

 

Kierkegaard

Nietzsche

Camus

Poor old Sartre

Hitler? No it's Heidegger

Imagine being on a party with this gang? I'll miss David Hume, for sure. Crazy kid stuff, if you ask me!

Hva er liv? Noen betraktninger om dette fenomenet

The text is from this page: (http://www.context.org/ICLIB/IC34/Margulis.htm)

All life on Earth today derived from common ancestors. The first to evolve - yet the last to be studied in detail - are bacteria. Scientists have now discovered that bacteria not only are the building blocks of life, but also occupy and are indispensable to every other living being on Earth. Without them, life's essential processes would quickly grind to a halt, and Earth would be as barren as Venus and Mars. Far from leaving microorganisms behind on an evolutionary ladder, we more complex creatures are both surrounded by them and composed of them.

New knowledge of biology alters our view of evolution as a chronic, bloody competition among individuals and species. Life did not take over the globe by combat, but by networking. Life forms multiplied and grew more complex by co-opting others, not just by killing them. In the first two billion years of life on Earth, bacteria - the only inhabitants - continuously transformed the planet's surface and atmosphere and invented all life's essential, miniaturized chemical systems. Their ancient biotechnology led to fermentation, photosynthesis, oxygen breathing, and the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen into proteins. It also led to worldwide crises of bacterial population expansion, starvation, and pollution - long before the dawn of larger forms of life. Bacteria survived these crises because of special abilities that other life forms lack and that add whole new dimensions to the dynamics of evolution. First, bacteria routinely transfer their genes to bacteria very different from themselves. The receiving bacterium can use the visiting, accessory DNA (the cell's genetic material) to perform functions that its own genes cannot mandate. Bacteria can exchange genes quickly and reversibly. Unlike other life forms, all the world's bacteria have access to a single gene pool and hence to the chemical prowess of the entire bacterial kingdom. This extreme genetic fluidity makes the very concept of species of bacteria meaningless. The result is a planet made fertile and inhabitable for larger life forms by a worldwide system of communicating, gene-exchanging bacteria.

Bacteria also have a remarkable capacity to combine their bodies with other organisms, forming alliances that may become permanent. Fully 10 percent of our own dry weight consists of bacteria, some of which - like those in our intestines that produce vitamin B12 - we cannot live without. Mitochondria live inside our cells but reproduce at different times with different methods from the rest of our bodies' cells. They are descendants of ancient bacteria. Either engulfed as prey or invading as predators, these bacteria took up residence inside foreign cells, forming an uneasy alliance that provided waste disposal and oxygen-derived energy in return for food and shelter. Without mitochondria, the nucleated plant or animal cell cannot breathe and therefore dies. This symbiogenesis, the merging of organisms into new collectives, is a major source of evolutionary change on Earth. The results of these first mergers were protoctists, our most recent, most important - and most ignored - microbial ancestors. Protoctists invented our kind of digestion, movement, and our tactile and visual systems. They came up with speciation, cannibalism, genes organized on chromosomes, and the ability to make hard parts (like teeth and skeletons). These complex microscopic beings and their descendants even developed the first genders and our kind of cell-fusing sexuality involving penetration of an egg by a sperm.

Discovering the microcosm within and about us changes - indeed, reverses - the way we look at living things and picture their evolution on the planet. For instance, since all life on Earth evolved from bacteria, it makes more sense now to think of beetles, rose bushes, and baboons as communities of former bacteria and protoctists than as higher animals or plants. The traditional belief in "man, the highest animal" endures because the shift to a more egalitarian view of the world that respects and empowers all life is an enormous step. Acknowledging that our ancestors are bacteria is humbling and has disturbing implications. Besides impugning human sovereignty over the rest of nature, it challenges our ideas of individuality, uniqueness, and independence. It even violates our view of ourselves as discrete physical beings separated from the rest of nature and - still more unsettling - it challenges the alleged uniqueness of human intelligent consciousness.

Those who speak only for the special interests of human beings fail to see how interdependent life on Earth really is. Without the microbial life forms, we would sink in feces and choke on the carbon dioxide we exhale. We cannot view evolutionary history in a balanced manner if we think of it only as a four-billion-year preparation for "higher" organisms, like humans. Most of life's history has been microbial. We are recombinations of the metabolic processes of bacteria that appeared before, during, and after the accumulation of atmospheric oxygen some 2,000 million years ago. The ancient, vast, and fundamental nature of our interdependence with other forms of life may be humbling, but it provides a basis for facing the future free of crippling delusions.

Despite all our conceits, we are as much exploited as exploiters, as much consumed as consumers. The lesson of evolutionary history is that it will be through conservation, interaction, and networking, not domination, that we avert a premature end to our species.

 

Stromatolites, Shark Bay, Australia

Stromatolitter er de eldste kjente fossiler, fra mer enn 3 milliarder år tilbake. Dette er kolonistrukturer dannet av fotosyntetiske cyanobakterier og andre mikrober. Stromatolitter er prokaryotiske organismer som levde i varme saltrike akvatiske miljøer, og som bygde opp rev nesten på samme måte som koraller gjør i dag. Cyanobakteriene dominerte på jorden i mer enn 2 milliarder år, og var sannsynligvis avgjørende for dannelsen av dagens oksygenrike atmosfære. Stromatolitter er nesten utdødd i dag, men de finnes fortsatt noen få plasser, bl.a. i Shark Bay, Australia, hvor dette bildet er fra.

Kalahari desert, Botswana, a desolute area

Brown trout

The beaver

Hvorfor republikk?

Monarkiet i Norge er gammelt, og vel etablert, og det var vel ikke så rart at monarkistene såvidt vant folkeavstemningen i 1905. Men om det ikke var rart, var det veldig synd, da denne styringsformen er helt frikoblet fra de gjengse holdninger som ellers råder i vår tid.

Norge bør bli republikk. Nå!

Jo før, jo bedre. Ut med kongehuset. Hvem pokker trenger Johnny Fra Stovner og hans Ecstasy-dame fra Kristiansand som overhoder? Nei, gi meg heller en type som Carl Ivar fra Hagen som president (eller hva med Steinar Bastesen?), selv om han nok ikke er mye enig med mine politiske holdninger.....

Med årene har dette med monarkiet i Norge bare blitt mer og mer snodig. Jeg har diskutert denne rare statsformen med mange professorer, som standhaftig hevder at monarkiet er republikken overlegen. Ikke skjønner jeg deres argumenter, men antar at det har noe å gjøre med alle manglene som helt klart eksisterer med dagens republikker, og som liksom legitimerer kongedømmet. Men nei, en kan ikke legitimere en feil idé med dens antitese, fordi antitesen's manifestasjoner ikke lever opp til forventningene. Hvordan i all verden skal verden kunne gå framover med slike oppfatninger?

 

The Fuck

The fuckin' Johnny from Stovner...

Where the kings belong...